We all know that everyone loves to eat, however most people don't know much about the food they put in their mouths. Our group wanted to estimate about how much glucose concentration is in our everyday fluids.Understanding glucose is important because it’s developed in our every day foods and having too little or too much glucose can result in diabetes. For our experiment, we will test four daily-consumed fluids and use glucose-testing strips to see the amount of glucose they contain. We will dip the strips into the fluid and wait until thirty seconds later to remove it. The dipped part of the strip will change its color due to the amount of glucose concentration in the fluid. We will use a legend provided by the manufacturer of the product to determine if the glucose concentration is high, medium or low. We will repeat these steps for each fluid. For viscous fluids like honey, you will have to dilute the mixture before you dip the test strip in. To do this, you have to add 2 ounces of water for every teaspoon of liquid. Throughout our experiment, we observed that the fluids all range from different glucose levels. Moreover, the results of each substance didn't change through the trial. We also observed that the diluted ketchup solution had a very high percentage of glucose. This made our group curious about the amount of glucose that a teaspoon of pure ketchup has. After conducting our experiment, we learned that the ketchup solution and apple juice contain large amount of glucose (2000 mg/ml +). If we continued our project we would probably test if the glucose products effect your weight and whether if eating too much glucose helps or destroys your body. Preliminary Background Research Purpose
"Glucose serves as the primary energy source for the brain and is also a source of energy for cells throughout the body” (Morgan, 2010). Glucose is very important in daily life as a source of energy. Glucose helps your body conduct its daily needs. Examples of foods with massive amounts of glucose are corn, rice, and potatoes. A regular healthy adult's regular admission of glucose bounds between 3.6 mml/l to 5.8 mml/l (Martin, 2012). People always eat things without knowing the ingredients and the amount of glucose they contain. Consuming too little or too much glucose can have a huge effect on a person's health diet. For example, enduring an excessive amount of glucose daily in a long term can cause to damage a person's organs, such damage could occur to the heart, pancreas, and kidney (Edelman, 2008). Moreover, it could cause diseases such as heart failure, and kidney failure. This can only occur if there is a daily intake of large amounts of glucose. If an individual devours too little glucose it can cause side effects, such as nausea, low blood pressure, and hypoglycemia.
Usually after a person intakes food, their blood sugar will increase due to the new food's glucose concentration. Furthermore many things can happen to a person's body if they usually eat a large, daily amount of glucose regularly. For example, a person can have diabetes, which has two forms: type one and type two. According to Milton Kazmeyer of Livestrong.com, Type one diabetes is when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to control and regulate blood sugar; type two diabetes is when the body has contained an abnormal amount of glucose in its blood stream (2011). Furthermore it can cause a person to be unable to intake any more sweets and foods that contain a high level of glucose concentration. Foods that are composed of carbohydrates usually contain high levels of glucose.
History
Multiple scientists were involved with the discovery and the development of the glucose molecule in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, glucose was first discovered in the United Kingdom German pharmacist Andreas Marggarf in 1747 (Hendrickson, 2010). In one of Marggarf’s experiment, he isolated and purified a white powder when he was working with raisins. In another experiment, he also This was later known as glucose (Hendrickson, 2010). Marggarf soon realized what a profitable discovery this was but didn't pursue the experiment. In fact, it was Franz Achard, a student of Marggarf’s who completed the work and developed a commercial extracting method for sugar from sugar beets (Hendrickson, 2010).
Over the years, scientists have continued to experiment with extractions of glucose from raisins and other foods in order to conclude if the substance was a pure substance or mixture of multiple substances. Scientists were finally convinced that glucose was a pure substance when they verified that glucose had a melting point of 302 Fahrenheit. You see, pure compounds have discreet melting points, while mixtures melt over ranges. However, a complete discover in the science field also involves a characterization of the molecule and determination of its chemical structure and properties. In the late 19th century, Emil Fischer, a German chemist, confirmed that glucose that it was made up of 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen. Emil continued his research and experimentation and also discovered that glucose appears in two forms (Hendrickson, 2010). As one can see, many scientists have contributed to the discovery and characterization of the glucose molecule and structure.
Process
Glucose may only look like sugar in most people's eyes, but there’s more to it. The human body needs this energy source in order to perform basic actions during your day. Glucose consists of six carbons, twelve hydrogen, and six oxygen. Two carbohydrates that are made from glucose are starch and cellulose. They are both polymers which were built from glucose, but the glucose molecules are arranged differently. When a person eats something that consists of glucose, your enzymes in the digestive system would break down the sugar rings. During this process, glucose goes through your bloodstream and cells carry them in. In your pancreas area, it'll release a hormone called insulin that signals the cells to take in the glucose. When cells take in the glucose, they have two options. Either they burn the glucose to receive energy or save it by storing the glucose as glycogen, which is done by the liver and muscle cells. In order to burn glucose into energy, they must break the glucose molecules into smaller molecules. The cells would free the glucose and form a new molecule called ATP. ATP provides the energy you need in your daily life. (Fiket, 2010)
If the human body consumes too much or too little glucose, it will result into a person having diabetes. Diabetes is caused when there isn't a fair amount of glucose and fructose. People suffer from two kinds of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is when a person can't produce insulin and type 2 diabetes is when the body can produce insulin, but they won't be as responsive as a healthy body would. In order to preserve and maintain the human body, it's important to know how to control your glucose concentration (Hernandez, 2013).
Application
The glucose concentration level shows how much glucose or sugar is in our everyday foods. It helps decide what kinds of food to eat for diabetic people. That way they can stay healthy and avoid having certain side effects which includes, dehydration, drowsiness, hunger, and many more (Harrison, 2010). If you start eating healthy there will be fewer accidents and people will not suffer from the terrible side effects of the low glucose level, or low blood sugar. In the future, diabetic people will know what kind of food is best to eat depending on how high or low the glucose concentration. There are also devices that can measure how high or low your glucose concentration is. The traditional way of doing this is to prick your finger and test the drops of blood. This is very painful, however and scientists are beginning to develop new, painless ways to test your glucose blood sugar. One of these ways is a "Gluco Watch”. The Gluco Watch is like a wristband and measures blood glucose levels by emitting low Gluco Watch tests and low-dose electrical currents to the diabetic's skin as it draws blood glucose information to the device. Scientists are also working on a device that use a beam of light to penetrate the diabetic's skin to measure the blood glucose level. Hopefully as technology advances, there will be more ways to test your glucose level completely painlessly.
Conclusion
The experiment "Glucose Factory" proved that not all foods in the world are healthy. Some foods have high glucose levels, such as ketchup, apple juice, and some foods contain have low glucose concentration.In conclusion, our hypothesis was proved correct; the apple juice and ketchup solution did have a high amount of glucose. However, errors did occur. One error that occurred was when we first attempted to conduct our experiment; we discovered that we had purchased the wrong brand of urine strip that was needed for the experiment. So, we had to order the correct brand online and wait for it to arrive. When we attempted to conduct our experiment, we realized that we did not have barbeque sauce. In order to complete our experiment, we improvised and replaced the barbeque sauce with margarine/butter. Furthermore, we observed that our results were all the same, through out all the trails. The group realized that we should have dipped the test strips into different cups of the same liquid so the result would vary. For future references, we advise that people should check if the strips were the correct brand and make sure that they have all the items needed to conduct the experiment. If our experiment was further conducted, we hope to perhaps even be able to test how glucose can affect weight gain. We want to help people by just controlling how much glucose intake they consumed and determine how the glucose can affect our weight.
Analysis
The data table shows that the ketchup had the most glucose (2,000+ mg/ml), even though it was diluted with water by a ration of 1 teaspoon: 5 teaspoons. The apple juice also had a high glucose concentration with a level of 2,000+ mg/ml. The milk had a low volume, 100 mg/ml, of glucose. The margarine contained 0 mg/ml of sugar. The data had a consistent pattern.
Reflection
Our group wanted to do an experiment on how much glucose concentration is in our daily-consumed fluids. As we researched this topic, we became aware of how high or low glucose intake can affect one's health. We were also astonished to see how many of our daily activities are affected by our daily-consumed amount of glucose. How much energy you have is determined by how much glucose you have consumed. As we researched more about our topic, we also became aware of how highly glucose contributes to diabetes. We never knew glucose was so essential to control in our lives, and we are glad we do now.
As our group began to experiment, we first used a different brand of testing strips to begin with, not the Diastix Reagent Strips. We began by using a different brand because the Diastix Reagent Strips had not arrived from the mail yet. However, we soon learned that our results would be inaccurate and discontinued the use of the use of the first brand. When we finally correctly experimented with all the correct materials, the results of the experiment were as expected. Ketchup and apple juice had 2000+ mg/ml and low-fat milk had 0 mg/ml. At first we thought we did it wrong, but as we did 4 trials, it all had the same results.
Procedure
Pour five mL of the fluid that you plan to test into a cup.
Get ready to start the stopwatch.
Dip the Bayer Diastix glucose test strip into the liquid. Start the stopwatch as soon as the test strip has been dipped.
For the fresh fruits and vegetables, press the test strip against a freshly cut slice until the test strip is thoroughly wet.
For very high-glucose liquids, such as honey, or viscous substances, such as peanut butter, dilute the samples in water prior to testing. For example, add 1 tbsp. of honey to 5 ounces (oz.) of water makes a 1-to-10 dilution (2 tbsps make 1 ounce). Multiply the concentration of glucose in the diluted solution by 10 to obtain the concentration of glucose in the original sample.
Wait for the amount of time specified on the test strip directions, usually 30 seconds.
Compare the color on the test strip with the color on the side of the container to determine the glucose concentration. The Bayer Diastix brand has color matches for the following concentrations, in % glucose: 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2. Also, compare the colors with the dilution series you made. Repeat steps 1–6, of this section, for all of your foods and juices.
Make a data table of your results in your lab notebook. The data table below is an example, with a "predicted" column for what you expected to find, and an "experimental" column for your actual results.
Use < for="" "medium,"="" and="" "low,"="" 1%–2%="" 5%="">2% for "high.” Graph your results. Put the type of drink on the x-axis and the glucose concentration on the y-axis
Did your results match your predictions?
Repeat the glucose measurements for a total of five times for each fluid.
Material (be sure bullets align on word document)
1 box full of glucose test strips; experiment based on Bayer's Diastix Reagent test strips for glucose determination in urine.
==== ====
250 mL beaker
◦ Stopwatch or clock with a second hand ◦ 5-7 small cups to hold liquids for testing ◦ Fluids: margarine, milk, apple juice and ketchup
Hypothesis
If apple juice, margarine, milk, and ketchup are tested for glucose concentration, then ketchup will have the highest level of glucose concentration.
Question
What is the amount of glucose concentration levels in everyday liquids?
Variables
Independent Variable- Type of fluids
Dependent Variables- Glucose concentration level
Control Variable- the amount of fluid in the cup, brand of test strips, time,
Glossary (bold these terms in research text above; number
biochemical- (add part of speech) the science dealing with the chemistry of living matter.
blood sugar-the quantity or percentage of glucose in the blood
carbohydrates-any of a class of organic compounds that are polyhydroxy, aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones, or change to such substances on simple chemical transformations, as hydrolysis, oxidation, or reduction, and that form the supporting tissues of plants and are important food for animals and people.
cellulose- an inert carbohydrate, (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n , the chief constituent of the cellwalls of plants and of wood, cotton, hemp, paper, etc.
complex carbohydrates-a carbohydrate, as sucrose or starch, that consists of two or more monosaccharide units.
control-to test or verify (a scientific experiment) by a parallel experiment or other standard of comparison.
diabetes-any of various disorders, esp diabetes mellitus, characterized by excretion of an abnormally large amount of urine
dilute-to make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by the addition of water or the like
enzymes-any of various proteins, as pepsin, originating from living cells and capable of producing certain chemical changes in organic substances by catalytic action, as in digestion.
glucose-a sugar, C 6 H 12 O 6 , having several optically different forms, the common dextrorotatory form (dextroglucose, or -glucose) occurring in many fruits, animal tissues and fluids, etc., and having a sweetness about one half that of ordinary sugar, and the rare levorotatory form (levoglucose, or -glucose) not naturally occurring.
insulin- a polypeptide hormone, produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, that regulates the metabolism of glucose and other nutrients.
pancreas- a gland, situated near the stomach, that secretes a digestive fluid into the intestine through one or more ducts and also secretes the hormone insulin.
Rubric for 2f- deadline extended to 4/30 You will get Tuesday class time (4/30) to make any additional revisions. Must use 3rd person AND in-text citations for Purpose, History, Process, & Applications paragraphs.
Pts. Earned
Pts. Possible
Abstract (Q1-2)
4.5
5
Purpose
4
5
History
4
5
Process
4
5
Applications (Formerly Future)
4
5
Reflection (about research AND lab)
5
5
Glossary
4
5
Works Cited
4
5
Total
33.5
40
Rubric for 5-6ab- deadline 5/3 You will get class time (4/30 & 5/2) to make additional revisions to your wikispace page.
Abstract
We all know that everyone loves to eat, however most people don't know much about the food they put in their mouths. Our group wanted to estimate about how much glucose concentration is in our everyday fluids.Understanding glucose is important because it’s developed in our every day foods and having too little or too much glucose can result in diabetes. For our experiment, we will test four daily-consumed fluids and use glucose-testing strips to see the amount of glucose they contain. We will dip the strips into the fluid and wait until thirty seconds later to remove it. The dipped part of the strip will change its color due to the amount of glucose concentration in the fluid. We will use a legend provided by the manufacturer of the product to determine if the glucose concentration is high, medium or low. We will repeat these steps for each fluid. For viscous fluids like honey, you will have to dilute the mixture before you dip the test strip in. To do this, you have to add 2 ounces of water for every teaspoon of liquid. Throughout our experiment, we observed that the fluids all range from different glucose levels. Moreover, the results of each substance didn't change through the trial. We also observed that the diluted ketchup solution had a very high percentage of glucose. This made our group curious about the amount of glucose that a teaspoon of pure ketchup has. After conducting our experiment, we learned that the ketchup solution and apple juice contain large amount of glucose (2000 mg/ml +). If we continued our project we would probably test if the glucose products effect your weight and whether if eating too much glucose helps or destroys your body.Preliminary Background Research
Purpose
"Glucose serves as the primary energy source for the brain and is also a source of energy for cells throughout the body” (Morgan, 2010). Glucose is very important in daily life as a source of energy. Glucose helps your body conduct its daily needs. Examples of foods with massive amounts of glucose are corn, rice, and potatoes. A regular healthy adult's regular admission of glucose bounds between 3.6 mml/l to 5.8 mml/l (Martin, 2012). People always eat things without knowing the ingredients and the amount of glucose they contain. Consuming too little or too much glucose can have a huge effect on a person's health diet. For example, enduring an excessive amount of glucose daily in a long term can cause to damage a person's organs, such damage could occur to the heart, pancreas, and kidney (Edelman, 2008). Moreover, it could cause diseases such as heart failure, and kidney failure. This can only occur if there is a daily intake of large amounts of glucose. If an individual devours too little glucose it can cause side effects, such as nausea, low blood pressure, and hypoglycemia.
Usually after a person intakes food, their blood sugar will increase due to the new food's glucose concentration. Furthermore many things can happen to a person's body if they usually eat a large, daily amount of glucose regularly. For example, a person can have diabetes, which has two forms: type one and type two. According to Milton Kazmeyer of Livestrong.com, Type one diabetes is when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to control and regulate blood sugar; type two diabetes is when the body has contained an abnormal amount of glucose in its blood stream (2011). Furthermore it can cause a person to be unable to intake any more sweets and foods that contain a high level of glucose concentration. Foods that are composed of carbohydrates usually contain high levels of glucose.
History
Multiple scientists were involved with the discovery and the development of the glucose molecule in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, glucose was first discovered in the United Kingdom German pharmacist Andreas Marggarf in 1747 (Hendrickson, 2010). In one of Marggarf’s experiment, he isolated and purified a white powder when he was working with raisins. In another experiment, he also This was later known as glucose (Hendrickson, 2010). Marggarf soon realized what a profitable discovery this was but didn't pursue the experiment. In fact, it was Franz Achard, a student of Marggarf’s who completed the work and developed a commercial extracting method for sugar from sugar beets (Hendrickson, 2010).
Over the years, scientists have continued to experiment with extractions of glucose from raisins and other foods in order to conclude if the substance was a pure substance or mixture of multiple substances. Scientists were finally convinced that glucose was a pure substance when they verified that glucose had a melting point of 302 Fahrenheit. You see, pure compounds have discreet melting points, while mixtures melt over ranges. However, a complete discover in the science field also involves a characterization of the molecule and determination of its chemical structure and properties. In the late 19th century, Emil Fischer, a German chemist, confirmed that glucose that it was made up of 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen. Emil continued his research and experimentation and also discovered that glucose appears in two forms (Hendrickson, 2010). As one can see, many scientists have contributed to the discovery and characterization of the glucose molecule and structure.
Process
Glucose may only look like sugar in most people's eyes, but there’s more to it. The human body needs this energy source in order to perform basic actions during your day. Glucose consists of six carbons, twelve hydrogen, and six oxygen. Two carbohydrates that are made from glucose are starch and cellulose. They are both polymers which were built from glucose, but the glucose molecules are arranged differently. When a person eats something that consists of glucose, your enzymes in the digestive system would break down the sugar rings. During this process, glucose goes through your bloodstream and cells carry them in. In your pancreas area, it'll release a hormone called insulin that signals the cells to take in the glucose. When cells take in the glucose, they have two options. Either they burn the glucose to receive energy or save it by storing the glucose as glycogen, which is done by the liver and muscle cells. In order to burn glucose into energy, they must break the glucose molecules into smaller molecules. The cells would free the glucose and form a new molecule called ATP. ATP provides the energy you need in your daily life. (Fiket, 2010)
If the human body consumes too much or too little glucose, it will result into a person having diabetes. Diabetes is caused when there isn't a fair amount of glucose and fructose. People suffer from two kinds of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is when a person can't produce insulin and type 2 diabetes is when the body can produce insulin, but they won't be as responsive as a healthy body would. In order to preserve and maintain the human body, it's important to know how to control your glucose concentration (Hernandez, 2013).
Application
The glucose concentration level shows how much glucose or sugar is in our everyday foods. It helps decide what kinds of food to eat for diabetic people. That way they can stay healthy and avoid having certain side effects which includes, dehydration, drowsiness, hunger, and many more (Harrison, 2010). If you start eating healthy there will be fewer accidents and people will not suffer from the terrible side effects of the low glucose level, or low blood sugar. In the future, diabetic people will know what kind of food is best to eat depending on how high or low the glucose concentration. There are also devices that can measure how high or low your glucose concentration is. The traditional way of doing this is to prick your finger and test the drops of blood. This is very painful, however and scientists are beginning to develop new, painless ways to test your glucose blood sugar. One of these ways is a "Gluco Watch”. The Gluco Watch is like a wristband and measures blood glucose levels by emitting low Gluco Watch tests and low-dose electrical currents to the diabetic's skin as it draws blood glucose information to the device. Scientists are also working on a device that use a beam of light to penetrate the diabetic's skin to measure the blood glucose level. Hopefully as technology advances, there will be more ways to test your glucose level completely painlessly.
Conclusion
The experiment "Glucose Factory" proved that not all foods in the world are healthy. Some foods have high glucose levels, such as ketchup, apple juice, and some foods contain have low glucose concentration.In conclusion, our hypothesis was proved correct; the apple juice and ketchup solution did have a high amount of glucose. However, errors did occur. One error that occurred was when we first attempted to conduct our experiment; we discovered that we had purchased the wrong brand of urine strip that was needed for the experiment. So, we had to order the correct brand online and wait for it to arrive. When we attempted to conduct our experiment, we realized that we did not have barbeque sauce. In order to complete our experiment, we improvised and replaced the barbeque sauce with margarine/butter. Furthermore, we observed that our results were all the same, through out all the trails. The group realized that we should have dipped the test strips into different cups of the same liquid so the result would vary. For future references, we advise that people should check if the strips were the correct brand and make sure that they have all the items needed to conduct the experiment. If our experiment was further conducted, we hope to perhaps even be able to test how glucose can affect weight gain. We want to help people by just controlling how much glucose intake they consumed and determine how the glucose can affect our weight.
Analysis
The data table shows that the ketchup had the most glucose (2,000+ mg/ml), even though it was diluted with water by a ration of 1 teaspoon: 5 teaspoons. The apple juice also had a high glucose concentration with a level of 2,000+ mg/ml. The milk had a low volume, 100 mg/ml, of glucose. The margarine contained 0 mg/ml of sugar. The data had a consistent pattern.
ReflectionOur group wanted to do an experiment on how much glucose concentration is in our daily-consumed fluids. As we researched this topic, we became aware of how high or low glucose intake can affect one's health. We were also astonished to see how many of our daily activities are affected by our daily-consumed amount of glucose. How much energy you have is determined by how much glucose you have consumed. As we researched more about our topic, we also became aware of how highly glucose contributes to diabetes. We never knew glucose was so essential to control in our lives, and we are glad we do now.
As our group began to experiment, we first used a different brand of testing strips to begin with, not the Diastix Reagent Strips. We began by using a different brand because the Diastix Reagent Strips had not arrived from the mail yet. However, we soon learned that our results would be inaccurate and discontinued the use of the use of the first brand. When we finally correctly experimented with all the correct materials, the results of the experiment were as expected. Ketchup and apple juice had 2000+ mg/ml and low-fat milk had 0 mg/ml. At first we thought we did it wrong, but as we did 4 trials, it all had the same results.
Procedure
Material (be sure bullets align on word document)- 1 box full of glucose test strips; experiment based on Bayer's Diastix Reagent test strips for glucose determination in urine.
- ==== ====
250 mL beaker◦ Stopwatch or clock with a second hand
◦ 5-7 small cups to hold liquids for testing
◦ Fluids: margarine, milk, apple juice and ketchup
Hypothesis
If apple juice, margarine, milk, and ketchup are tested for glucose concentration, then ketchup will have the highest level of glucose concentration.
Question
What is the amount of glucose concentration levels in everyday liquids?
Variables
Independent Variable- Type of fluids
Dependent Variables- Glucose concentration level
Control Variable- the amount of fluid in the cup, brand of test strips, time,
Glossary (bold these terms in research text above; number
Works Cited
Angel. "
Eldelmen, Steven. "What Causes High Blood Sugar And What Harm Can It Do To My Body?." Abc NEWS. Abc New Network, 12 August 2008. Web. 5 Apr 2013. <http://abcnews.go.com/Health/DiabetesOverview/story?id=3843485>
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 11 April 2013. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/>.
Harrison, K, "Effects of High Glucose Level on the Body." 12 January 2010.Livestrong.
http://www.livestrong.com/article/72767-effects-high-glucose-level-body/
Hendrickson, K. "Who Discovered Glucose?" 28 September 2010. Livestrong. http://www.livestrong.com/article/247588-who-discovered-glucose/
Kazmeyer, M. "What is the Role of Glucose?" 14 June 2011. Livestrong. http://www.livestrong.com/article/247874-what-is-the-role-of-glucose/
Martin, C. "What is Glucose Concentration?" 27 October 2012.Wisegeek. http://m.wisegeek.com/what-is-glucose-concentration.htm
Morgan, L. "The Importance of Glucose?" 28 May, 2010. Livestrong. http://www.livestrong.com/article/133891-the-importance-glucose/Rubric for 2e.
Rubric for 2f- deadline extended to 4/30
You will get Tuesday class time (4/30) to make any additional revisions.
Must use 3rd person AND in-text citations for Purpose, History, Process, & Applications paragraphs.
Rubric for 5-6ab- deadline 5/3
You will get class time (4/30 & 5/2) to make additional revisions to your wikispace page.